Bangladesh came to today's shape through a long history of political evolution. Bengal was probably the wealthiest part of the subcontinent up till the 16th century. The area's early history featured a succession of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. All of this was just a prelude to the unstoppable tide of Islam which washed over northern India at the end of the 12th century. Mohammed Bakhtiar Khalzhi from Turkistan captured Bengal in 1199 with only 20 men.
Under the Mughal viceroys, art and literature flourished, overland trade expanded and Bengal was opened to world maritime trade - the latter marking the death knell of Mughal power as Europeans began to establish themselves in the region. The Portuguese arrived as early as the 15th century but were ousted in 1633 by local opposition. The East India Company negotiated terms to establish a fortified trading post in Calcutta in 1690.
The decline of Mughal power led to greater provincial autonomy, heralding the rise of the independent dynasty of the nawabs of Bengal. Humble East India Company clerk Robert Clive ended up effectively ruling Bengal when one of the impetuous nawabs attacked the thriving British enclave in Calcutta and stuffed those unlucky enough not to escape in an underground cellar. Clive retook Calcutta a year later and the British Government replaced the East India Company following the Indian Mutiny in 1857.
The Britons established an organizational and social structure unparalleled in Bengal, and Calcutta became one of the most important centers for commerce, education and culture in the subcontinent. However, many Bangladeshi historians blame the British dictatorial agricultural policies and promotion of the semi-feudal zamindar system for draining the region of its wealth and damaging its social fabric. The British presence was a relief to the minority Hindus but a catastrophe for the Muslims. The Hindus cooperated with the Brits, entering British educational institutions and studying the English language, but the Muslims refused to cooperate, and rioted whenever crops failed or another local product was rendered unprofitable by government policy.
At the closure of World War II it was clear that European colonialism had run its course and Indian independence was inevitable. Independence was attained in 1947 but the struggle was bitter and divisive, especially in Bengal where the fight for self-government was complicated by internal religious conflict. The British, realizing any agreement between the Muslims and Hindus was impossible, decided to partition the subcontinent. That Bengal and Punjab, the two overwhelmingly Muslim regions, lay on opposite sides of India was only one stumbling block. The situation was complicated in Bengal where the major cash crop, jute, was produced in the Muslim-dominated east, but processed and shipped from the Hindu-dominated city of Calcutta in the west.
Inequalities between the two regions i.e. East and West Pakistan soon stirred up a sense of Bengali nationalism that had not been reckoned with during the push for Muslim independence. When the Pakistan government declared that `Urdu and only Urdu' would be the national language, the Bangla-speaking Bengalis decided it was time to assert their cultural identity. The drive to reinstate the Bangla language metamorphosed into a push for self-government and when the Awami League, a nationalistic party, won a majority in the 1971 national elections, the president of Pakistan, faced with this unacceptable result, postponed opening the National Assembly. Riots and strikes broke out in East Pakistan, the independent state of Bangladesh was unilaterally announced, and Pakistan sent troops to quell the rebellion.
The ensuing war was one of the shortest and bloodiest of modern times, with the Pakistan army occupying all major towns, using napalm against villages, and slaughtering and raping villagers. Bangladeshis refer to Pakistan's brutal tactics as attempted genocide. Border clashes between Pakistan and India increased as Indian-trained Bangladeshi guerrillas crossed the border. When the Pakistani air force made a pre-emptive attack on Indian forces, open warfare ensued. Indian troops crossed the border and the Pakistani army found itself being attacked from the east by the Indian army, the north and east by guerrillas and from all quarters by the civilian population. In 11 days it was all over and Bangladesh, the world's 139th country, officially came into existence. Sheikh Mujib, one of the founders of the Awami League, became the country's first prime minister in January 1972 ; he was assassinated in 1975 during a period of crisis
The ruined and decimated new country experienced famine in 1973-74, followed by martial law, successive military coups and political assassinations. In 1979, Bangladesh began a short-lived experiment with democracy led by the overwhelmingly popular President Zia, who established good relationships with the West and the oil-rich Islamic countries. His assassination in 1981 ultimately returned the country to a military government that periodically made vague announcements that elections would be held `soon'. While these announcements were rapturously greeted by the local press as proof that Bangladesh was indeed a democracy, nothing came of them until 1991. That year the military dictator General Ershad was forced to resign by an unprecedented popular movement led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and the Awami League.
Democracy was re-established and the economy ticked along at a 4.5% growth rate, which hardly made it an 'Asian tiger' but was at least respectable. Political dog-fighting between the BNP and the Awami League became acrimonious in the run up to national elections in February 1996 leaving the country strike-ridden and rudderless. The election was marred by violence and boycotted by the three main opposition parties, resulting in a BNP shoo-in. However, low voter turnout and reports of ballot-box stuffing by polling officials raised serious questions about the government's legitimacy and in April 1996 Prime Minister Begum Khaleda agreed to stand down and appointed an interim caretaker administration, pending new elections scheduled for 12 June 1996.In the elections Awami League got the largest number of seats. Sheikh Hasina Wazed, the leader of the Awami League, was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Government.
“মোরা একটি ফুলকে বাঁচাবো বলে যুদ্ধ করি” “আমার এই দেশ সব মানুষের সব মানুষের” জনপ্রিয় সংগীতের মূর্ছনায় আর আবেগে ভাসিয়ে দিয়ে দেশ মাতৃকার স্বাধীনতার জন্য অস্ত্র হাতে নিয়েছিল এদেশের সকল জনতা। ৫২,৬২,৬৭,৬৯ এর আন্দোলন থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত স্বাধীনতার আন্দোলন চূড়ান্ত ভাবে সফল হয় ৭১ এ।
স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধে ৩০ লক্ষ শহীদের প্রান, লক্ষ লক্ষ মা-বোনের ইজ্জতের বিনিময়ে প্রতিষ্টিত হয় বাংলাদেশ। আজ আমাদের সেই কষ্টার্জিত স্বাধীনতার প্রকৃত ইতিহাস নব- প্রজন্মের কাছে সঠিক ভাবে তুলে ধরা একান্ত জরুরী। কেননা একটি দেশ ও জাতি, তাদের প্রকৃত ইতিহাস থেকে দূরে থাকলে, সঠিক জাতি হিসেবে গড়ে তোলা সম্ভব নয়।
তাই ইতিহাস নির্ভর বাংলাদেশের মুক্তিযুদ্ধের ইতিহাসের একটি অসামান্য প্রকাশনা “ফিরে দেখা ৭১” ইন্টারনেট সংস্করণ । আপনিও ডাউনলোড করে দলিল হিসেবে রেখে দিতে পারেন। প্রকাশনাটি উৎসর্গ করা হয়েছে, বাংলাদেশের প্রথম প্রধান মন্ত্রী ও মুক্তিযুদ্ধের প্রধান সংগঠক তাজ উদ্দিন আহমদ ও বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধে সাহসী অবদানের জন্য বীরপ্রতীক উপাধি প্রাপ্ত বিদেশী নাগরিক ডাব্লিউ এ এস ওডারল্যান্ড কে।
এতে শামসুর রাহমানের কবিতা সহ বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতার ঘোষণা পত্র , বীর শ্রেষ্ট, বীর উত্তম, বীর বীক্রম, বীর প্রতীক দের তালিকা, অ্যান্থনি ম্যাস্কারেনাহাস এর গনহত্যা লেখাটি এবং বিভিন্ন জনের সাক্ষাতকার ও বঙ্গবন্ধুর ৭ই মার্চের ভাষণ। বিভিন্ন লেখকের লেখা রয়েছে মুক্তিযুদ্ধ সম্পর্কে। রয়েছে মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ভিত্তিক বিভিন্ন উপন্যাস, গল্প, চলচিত্রের তালিকা। ৭১এর ঘাতক- দালাল ও রাজাকারদের পরিচিতি। প্রয়াত আযম খানকে নিয়ে বিপ্লব রহমানের লেখা, তাই অসামান্য প্রকাশনা পিডিএফ সংস্করণটি ডাউনলোড করুন এখান থেকে এবং সংগ্রহে রাখুন। আসুন দেশকে ভালবাসি। ভালবাসি দেশের প্রতিটি মানুষকে। আর এই ভালবাসা ছড়িয়ে দেই প্রতিটি দেশপ্রেমিক নাগরিকের মাঝে, এই কর্তব্য ও দায়িত্ব বোধ আমাদের প্রতিটি বাঙ্গালী হৃদয় মননে জাগরুক থাকুক এই কামনায়-
ধন্যবাদ সহ-
oDesk Search Engine Optimization skill Test UPDETED Answers
Question: 1
Which of the following search engines or directories provides the directory search results for Yahoo?
Ans: B
Question: 2
Which of the following statements regarding website content are correct?
Ans: A
Question: 3
What is Keyword Density?
Ans: D
Question: 4
Which of the following statements about the Google Sitemap are correct:
Ans: A
Question: 5
Are RSS/Atom feeds returned in Google’s search results?
Ans: B
Question: 6
What does the term Keyword Prominence refer to?
Ans: C
Question: 7
Which of the following factors does Google take into account while assessing whether or not a website is an authority website?
Ans: A,B,C
Question: 8
What is Anchor Text?
Ans: C
Question: 9
If you search for the term “iq test” in the Word Tracker keyword
suggestion tool, will it return the number of independent searches for the term “iq”?
Ans: B
Question: 10
What is the illegal act of copying of a page by unauthorized parties in order to filter off traffic to another site called?
Ans: D
Question: 11
Do search engines such as Google detect unnatural linking patterns by checking the Class C IP address of the page where the link to the website originates?
State whether the following statement is true or false.A Sitemap provides a list of internal links to user accessible pages on a website.
Ans: A
Question: 40
What is the function of “indexer” part of the Google search engine?
Ans: D
Question: 41
Which of the following conditions will Google treat favorably from the ‘Relevancy’ perspective?
Ans: D
Question: 42
Some words, when followed by a colon, have special meanings to Yahoo. What is performed by the link: operator?
ANS: C
Question: 43
Which of the following factors have an impact on the Google PageRank?
ANS: A
Question: 44
What is the term for Optimization strategies that are in an unknown area of reputability/validity?
ANS: C
Question: 45
Why is it a bad idea from the seo perspective to host free articles and write ups that are very common on the internet.
ANS: B
Question: 46
The following robots meta tag directs the search engine bots:<META NAME=”robots” CONTENT=”noindex,nofollow”>
ANS: B
Question: 47
_________________ use both crawlers and directories to generate relevant results.
ANS: D
Question: 48
Which of the following statements is correct with regard to natural links?
ANS: C
Question: 49
What will happen if you type the words ‘Certification -Networking’ in the Google search box?
ANS: D
Question: 50
If you enter ‘Help site:www.microsoft.com’ in the Google search box, what will Google search for?
ANS: B
Question: 51
Which of the following statements about FFA pages are true?
ANS: B
Question: 52
What is the name of the search engine technology due to which a query for the word ‘actor’ will also show search results for related words such as actress, acting or act?
ANS: D
Question: 53
If a website’s search engine saturation with respect to a particular search engine is 20%, what does it mean?
ANS: A
Question: 54
What is the main reason for the effectiveness of optimizing a webpage towards a long tail keyword search?
